The Family That Lays Together Stays Together R Crumb

American illustrator and cartoonist

Robert Crumb
Crumb in 2014
Built-in	Robert Dennis Nibble (1943-08-30) Baronial 30, 1943 (age 78) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.South.
Area(s)	Cartoonist Author Musician
Pseudonym(south)	R. Crumb
Notable works	Zap Comix Keep On Truckin' Fritz the Cat Mr. Natural Weirdo Introducing Kafka The Book of Genesis
Spouse(s)	Dana Morgan ​ ​ (m. 1964; div. 1978)​ Aline Kominsky-Crumb ​ ​ (m. 1978)​
Children	Sophie Nibble Jesse Crumb (deceased)
Relatives	Charles Nibble Jr. (brother) Maxon Crumb (brother) Carol DeGennaro (sister)[ane] Sandra Colorado (sister)[one] Charles Crumb (begetter) Beatrice Crumb (mother)
rcrumb.com

Robert Dennis Crumb (; born August 30, 1943) is an American cartoonist and musician who ofttimes signs his work R. Crumb. His work displays a nostalgia for American folk culture of the late 19th and early on 20th centuries, and satire of contemporary American culture.

Nibble is a prolific artist and contributed to many of the seminal works of the hugger-mugger comix move in the 1960s, including being a founder of the kickoff successful underground comix publication, Zap Comix, contributing to all xvi bug. He was additionally contributing to the East Hamlet Other and many other publications, including a variety of one-off and anthology comics. During this fourth dimension, inspired past psychedelics and cartoons from the 1920s and 1930s, he introduced a broad variety of characters that became extremely popular, including countercultural icons Fritz the Cat and Mr. Natural, and the images from his Go on On Truckin' strip. Sexual themes abounded in all these projects, often shading into scatological and pornographic comics. In the mid-1970s, he contributed to the Arcade anthology; following the decline of the underground, he moved towards biographical and autobiographical subjects while refining his cartoon manner, a heavily crosshatched pen-and-ink style inspired by tardily 19th- and early 20th-century cartooning. Much of his work appeared in a magazine he founded, Weirdo (1981–1993), which was one of the most prominent publications of the alternative comics era. As his career progressed, his comic work became more autobiographical.

In 1991, Crumb was inducted into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. He is married to cartoonist Aline Kominsky-Crumb, with whom he has frequently collaborated. Their girl Sophie Crumb has too followed a cartooning career.

Early life (1943–1966) [edit]

Robert Nibble was born August 30, 1943, in Philadelphia to a Catholic household^[2] of English language and Scottish descent, spending his early on years in West Philadelphia and Upper Darby.^{[three] [4]} His father, Charles Five. Nibble, authored the book Training People Effectively,^[two] and was a combat illustrator for xx years in the The states Marine Corps.^{[ citation needed ]} His mother Beatrice was a housewife who reportedly abused nutrition pills and amphetamines. Charles and Beatrice's marriage was unhappy and the children were frequent witnesses to their parents' arguments.^{[v] [half dozen]} The couple had four other children: sons Charles Junior (1942–92) and Maxon (b. 1944), both of whom suffered from mental affliction, and daughters Ballad (1941–2020)^[7] and Sandra (1946–1998).^{[8] [ix]} The family moved to Milford, Delaware, when Crumb was twelve and where he was an boilerplate pupil whose teachers discouraged him from cartooning.^[x]

Inspired by Walt Kelly, Fleischer Brothers animation and others, Nibble and his brothers drew their ain comics.^[2] His cartooning adult as his older brother Charles pushed him and provided feedback. In 1958 the brothers self-published three issues of Foo in imitation of Harvey Kurtzman's satirical Humbug and Mad which they sold door-to-door with lilliputian success, souring the young Crumb on the comic-book business.^[11] At 15, Crumb collected classical jazz and blues records from the 1920s to the 1940s.^[two] At age 16 he lost his Cosmic faith.^[12]

Career [edit]

Early work (1962–1966) [edit]

Crumb'due south begetter gave him $40 when he left dwelling after high school.^[12] His showtime job, in 1962, was drawing novelty greeting cards for American Greetings^[13] in Cleveland, Ohio. He stayed with the company for four years, producing hundreds of cards for the company's Hullo-Brow line; his superiors had him describe in a cuter style that was to leave a footprint on his work throughout his career.^[14] In Cleveland he met a grouping of young bohemians such as Buzzy Linhart, Liz Johnston, and Harvey Pekar. Dissatisfied with greeting card work, he tried to sell cartoons to comic book companies, who showed little interest in his piece of work. In 1965, cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman printed some of Nibble'south work in the humor magazine he edited, Assistance!. Nibble moved to New York, intending to piece of work with Kurtzman, only Assist! ceased publication shortly after. Nibble briefly illustrated bubblegum cards for Topps before returning to Cleveland and American Greetings.^[13]

Crumb married Dana Morgan in 1964. Nearly destitute, the couple traveled in Europe, during which Crumb continued to produce piece of work for Kurtzman and American Greetings, and Dana stole food.^[15] The relationship was unstable as Crumb frequently went his own style, and he was non close to his son Jesse (1968-2018).^[sixteen]

Front end comprehend of Fritz the Cat.

In 1965 and 1966 Nibble had a number of Fritz the Cat strips published in the men's magazine Cavalier. Fritz had appeared in Crumb's work as early on every bit the tardily 1950s; he was to become a hipster, scam creative person, and maverick until Crumb abandoned the character in 1969.^[14]

Crumb was becoming increasingly uncomfortable with his job and marriage when in June 1965 he began taking LSD, a psychedelic drug that was and then all the same legal. He had both good and bad trips. I bad trip left him in a muddled state for half a yr, during which for a time he left Dana; the land ended when the two took a stiff dose of the drug together in April 1966.^[17] Crumb created a number of his all-time-known characters during his years of LSD employ, including Mr. Natural, Angelfood McSpade, and the Snoid.^[18]

Zap and underground comix (1967–1979) [edit]

In Jan 1967 Crumb came across two friends in a bar who were nigh to leave for San Francisco; Crumb was interested in the work of San Francisco-based psychedelic poster artists, and on a whim asked if he could join them.^[18] There, he contributed upbeat LSD-inspired countercultural piece of work to hush-hush newspapers. The work was popular, and Crumb was flooded with requests, including to illustrate a total issue of Philadelphia's Yarrowstalks.^[19]

Contained publisher Don Donahue invited Crumb to make a comic book; Nibble drew upwards two problems of Zap Comix, and Donahue published the first^[19] in Feb 1968 under the publisher name Apex Novelties. Crumb had difficulty at first finding retailers who would stock information technology, and at first his wife took to selling the first run herself out of a baby carriage.^[20]

Crumb met cartoonist S. Clay Wilson, an fine art school graduate who saw himself every bit a rebel against centre-form American values and whose comics were vehement and grotesque. Wilson's attitude inspired Nibble to give up the idea of the cartoonist-as-entertainer and to focus on comics as open, uncensored self-expression; in detail, his work presently became sexually explicit, as in the pornographic Snatch he and Wilson produced late in 1968.^[20]

The second issue of Zap appeared in June with contributions from Wilson and poster artists Victor Moscoso and Rick Griffin. Creative person H.Fish also contributed to Zap. In December, Donahue published the yet-unreleased issue equally #0 and a new third issue with Gilbert Shelton joining the roster of regulars.^[20] Zap was financially successful, and adult a market for surreptitious comix.

Crumb was a prolific cartoonist in the late 1960s and early 1970s; at his peak point of output he produced 320 pages over ii years.^[12] He produced much of his all-time-known work and then,^[21] including his Proceed On Truckin' strip, and strips featuring characters such as the bohemian Fritz the Cat, spiritual guru Mr. Natural, and oversexed African-American stereotype Angelfood McSpade.^[22] During this period, he launched a series of solo titles, including Despair, Uneeda (published by Print Mint in 1969 and 1970 respectively), Big Donkey Comics, R. Nibble'southward Comics and Stories, Motor Metropolis Comics (all published past Rip Off Press in 1969), Home Grown Funnies (Kitchen Sink Printing, 1971) and Hytone Comix (Apex Novelties, 1971), in addition to founding the pornographic anthologies Jiz and Snatch (both Apex Novelties, 1969).^[23]

Crumb'south work besides appeared in Nasty Tales, a 1970s British secret comic. The publishers were acquitted in a celebrated 1972 obscenity trial at the Erstwhile Bailey in London; the kickoff such example involving a comic. Giving evidence at the trial, ane of the defendants said of Crumb: "He is the most outstanding, certainly the most interesting, artist to appear from the clandestine, and this (Dirty Dog) is Rabelaisian satire of a very high lodge. He is using coarseness quite deliberately in order to get across a view of social hypocrisy."^{[24] [25]}

Weirdo (1980–1993) [edit]

While meditating in 1980, Crumb conceived of a magazine with a lowbrow aesthetic inspired by punk zines, Mad, and men's magazines of the 1940s and 1950s.^[26] From 1981 Nibble edited the first eight issues of the xx-eight issue run of Weirdo, published by Last Gasp;^[27] his contributions and tastes determined the contents of the afterwards issues too, edited by Peter Bagge until #16, and Aline for the remainder of the run.^[26] The magazine featured cartoonists new and one-time, and had a mixed response; Art Spiegelman, who co-edited the slicker Raw, called it a "piece of shit", and Crumb's fumetti was so unpopular that information technology has never appeared in Nibble collections.^[28]

Later life (1994–present) [edit]

The Crumbs moved into a house in southeastern France in 1991, which is said to take been financed by the auction of six Crumb sketchbooks.^[29] The documentary Crumb, directed by Terry Zwigoff, appeared in 1994^[xxx]—a project on which Zwigoff had been working since 1985.^[27] The film won several major disquisitional accolades.

From 1987 to 2005 Fantagraphics Books published the seventeen-volume Complete Nibble Comics ^[31] and ten volumes of sketches. Crumb (every bit "R. Crumb") contributes regularly to Mineshaft magazine, which, since 2009, has been serializing "Excerpts From R. Crumb'southward Dream Diary".^[32]

In 2009, later on four years of piece of work, Crumb produced The Book of Genesis, an entire illustrated graphic novel version of the biblical Book of Genesis.^{[33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]} In 2016, the Seattle Museum of Art displayed the original drawings for the Volume of Genesis as part of an exhibit entitled "Graphic Masters: Dürer, Rembrandt, Hogarth, Goya, Picasso, R. Crumb."^[39]

In Jan 2015, Nibble was asked to submit a drawing to the left-wing magazine Libération equally a tribute for the Charlie Hebdo shooting. He sent a drawing titled "A Cowardly Cartoonist", depicting an analogy of the backside of Crumb's friend Mohamid Bakshi, while referencing the prophet Muhammad, founder of Islam.^{[40] [41]}

Professional person collaborations [edit]

A friend of comic book writer Harvey Pekar, Crumb illustrated over 30 stories of Pekar'south in the award-winning comic book series American Splendor, primarily in the first eight issues (1976–1983).^[42] Equally The Complete Crumb Comics co-editor Robert Fiore wrote about their collaborations:

... in American Splendor, Crumb's piece of work stood out for ... the way he really made Pekar's phonation SING. His style embodied Pekar's voice ... He turned Pekar's scripts into pure comics, into something that would have been junior in any other medium ... But I think what makes all of their collaborations work so well is the fact that Crumb is as sympathetic a collaborator every bit Pekar ever had. It's not merely the fact that Crumb draws better than everybody else, he knew what to depict. Just as Pekar knew what to write ... Their common understanding of each other helped me appreciate each as artists and voices ...^[43]

Nibble collaborates with his married woman, Aline Kominsky-Crumb, on many strips and comics, including Dirty Laundry Comics, Self-Loathing Comics, and work published in The New Yorker.^[44]

In 1978, Crumb allowed his artwork to be used every bit pictorial prophylactic stamp designs by Tiptop Drawer Prophylactic Stamp Visitor, a collaboration between cartoonist Art Spiegelman, publisher Françoise Mouly, and people living at Quarry Loma Creative Center in Rochester, Vermont. R. Nibble'southward imagery proved to be some of the nearly popular designs produced by this advanced pictorial stamp company.^{[45] [ citation needed ]}

In the 1980s and 1990s, Crumb illustrated a number of writer Charles Bukowski stories, including the collection The Captain Is Out to Lunch and the Sailors Have Taken Over the Ship and the story "Bring Me Your Love".^[46]

In 1984–1985 Nibble produced a serial of illustrations for the tenth anniversary edition of Edward Abbey'due south environmental-themed novel The Monkey Wrench Gang, published in 1985 by Dream Garden Press of Table salt Lake City. Many of these illustrations also appeared in a 1987 Monkey Wrench Gang calendar, and remain available on T-shirts.^[47]

R. Crumb Comix, a theatrical production based on his piece of work and directed by Johnny Simons, was produced in Fort Worth, Texas, in 1986. It was revived at Duke University in 1990, and co-starred Avner Eisenberg. The development of the play was supervised by Crumb, who also served every bit set designer, drawing larger-than-life representations of some of his well-nigh famous characters all over the floors and walls of the gear up.^[48]

Nibble'south collaboration with David Zane Mairowitz, the illustrated, part-comic biography and bibliography Introducing Kafka (1993), a.k.a. Kafka for Beginners, is 1 of his less sexual- and satire-oriented, comparably highbrow works. It is well-known and favorably received, and due to its popularity was republished as R. Crumb's Kafka.

Musical projects [edit]

Crumb has frequently drawn comics well-nigh his musical interests in blues, state, bluegrass, cajun, French Bal-musette, jazz, big ring and swing music from the 1920s and 1930s, and they also heavily influenced the soundtrack choices for his bandmate Zwigoff'southward 1995 Crumb documentary. In 2006, he prepared, compiled and illustrated the book R. Nibble's Heroes of Blues, Jazz & Country, with accompanying CD, which derived from three series of trading cards originally published in the 1980s.^[49]

Crumb was the leader of the ring R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders, for which he sang atomic number 82 vocals, wrote several songs and played banjo and other instruments.^[50] Crumb often plays mandolin with Eden and John'due south Due east River String Band and has fatigued iv covers for them: 2009's Drunken Barrel Business firm Dejection, 2008's Some Cold Rainy Twenty-four hours, 2011'south Be Kind To A Human being When He'south Down on which he plays mandolin, the latest (2022) "Goodbye Brutal World, on which he sings vocals, plays ukulele, mandolin & tiple. With Dominique Cravic, he founded "Les Primitifs du Futur"—a French-style band based on musette / folk, jazz and blues—and played on its 2000 album World Musette.^[51] He as well provided the embrace art for this and other albums.

Nibble has released CDs anthologizing old original performances gleaned from collectible 78-rpm phonograph records. His That'due south What I Telephone call Sweetness Music was released in 1999 and Hot Women: Women Singers from the Torrid Regions in 2009. Chimpin' the Blues, a collaboration with boyfriend record collector Jerry Zolten that combines rare recordings with chat nearly the music and the musicians, was released in 2013. Nibble drew the cover art for these CDs as well.

In 2013, Nibble played mandolin with the Eden and John's Due east River Cord Ring on their album Take A Look at That Baby and likewise took function in the accompanying music video.

Album covers [edit]

Crumb has illustrated many album covers, most prominently Inexpensive Thrills past Big Brother and the Property Company and the compilation anthology The Music Never Stopped: Roots of the Grateful Dead.

Between 1974 and 1984, Nibble drew at least 17 anthology covers for Yazoo Records/Blue Goose Records, including those of the Cheap Accommodate Serenaders. He also created the revised logo and tape label designs of Bluish Goose Records that were used from 1974 onward.

In 1992 and 1993, Robert Crumb was involved in a projection by Dutch formation The Beau Hunks and provided the comprehend fine art for both their albums The Beau Hunks play the original Laurel & Hardy music 1 and 2. He too illustrated the albums' booklets.

In 2009, Nibble drew the artwork for a 10-CD album of French traditional music compiled by Guillaume Veillet for Frémeaux & Associés.^[52] The following yr, he created three artworks for Christopher Rex's Aimer Et Perdre: To Love And To Lose: Songs, 1917–1934^[53] and, in 2011, he once again played mandolin on an Eden and John's Due east River Cord Band album (Exist Kind to a Man When He'southward Down) for which he also created the album cover artwork.

Style [edit]

As told past Crumb in his biographical film, his artwork was very conventional and traditional in the start. His earlier piece of work shows this more than restrained style. In Crumb's own words, information technology was a lengthy drug trip on LSD that "left him fuzzy for two months" and led to him adopting the surrealistic, psychedelic style for which he has become known.

Crumb has been acclaimed for his attention to detail and satirical edge, but has also generated a significant corporeality of controversy for his graphic and very disturbing portrayals of sexuality and psychology. There exists a feminist backfire against his comics because they became more "violently misogynistic, equally he graphically poured what were essentially his masturbatory fantasies onto the printed page. Women were raped, dismembered, mutilated, and murdered, sometimes all at once."^[54]

A peer in the underground comics field, Victor Moscoso, commented well-nigh his showtime impression of Crumb's work, in the mid-1960s, earlier coming together Nibble in person: "I couldn't tell if it was an one-time human being drawing immature, or a fellow drawing onetime."^[55] Robert Crumb'south cartooning fashion has drawn on the piece of work of drawing artists from earlier generations, including Billy DeBeck (Barney Google), C. E. Brock (an old story book illustrator), Cistron Ahern's comic strips, Basil Wolverton (Powerhouse Pepper), George Bakery (Distressing Sack), Ub Iwerks's characters for animation, Isadore Freleng's drawings for the early on Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes of the 1930s, Sidney Smith (The Gumps), Rube Goldberg, E. C. Segar (Popeye) and Bud Fisher (Mutt and Jeff). Crumb has cited Carl Barks, who illustrated Disney'due south "Donald Duck" comic books and John Stanley (Little Lulu) equally formative influences on his narrative arroyo, besides as Harvey Kurtzman of Mad Mag fame.

Crumb has also cited his extensive LSD utilize as a factor that led him to develop his unique style.^{[56] [57]}

Afterward issues 0 and i of Zap, Crumb began working with others, of whom the start was S. Clay Wilson. Crumb said, almost when he starting time saw Wilson's piece of work "The content was something like I'd never seen earlier, ... a nightmare vision of hell-on-world ..." And "Suddenly my ain work seemed insipid ..."^[58]

Nibble remains a prominent figure, equally both creative person and influence, within the alternative comics milieu. He is hailed every bit a genius by such comic book talents as Jaime Hernandez, Daniel Clowes, and Chris Ware. In the fall of 2008, the Plant of Gimmicky Art in Philadelphia hosted a major exhibition of his work, which was favorably reviewed in The New York Times ^[57] and in The Philadelphia Inquirer.^[59]

Recurring Crumb characters [edit]

• Angelfood McSpade (1967–1971) – large-congenital blackness woman fatigued as a racist African native extravaganza. She is commonly depicted existence sexually exploited or manipulated by men.
• BoBo Bolinski (1968–1972) – a "burr-headed barfly"^[60]
• Devil Girl (1987–1995) – Amazonian type who is the object of Mr. Natural's obsession in later comics; existent name Cheryl Borck^[61]
• Eggs Ackley (1968–1971) – cheerful young egg salesman
• Flakey Foont (1967–2002) – Mr. Natural's neurotic disciple
• Fritz the True cat (1965–1972) – feline con artist who frequently went on wild adventures that sometimes included sexual escapades
• Honeybunch Kaminski (1970–1972) – teenage runaway and girlfriend of ProJunior
• Lenore Goldberg (1969–1970) – leader of the Girl Commandos, a grouping of immature revolutionary women
• Mr. Natural (1967–2002) – unreliable holy man
• Shuman the Human (1969–1977) – another neurotic male character
• The Snoid (1967–1979) – diminutive sex fiend and irritating presence

Awards and honors [edit]

Crumb has received several accolades for his work, including the Inkpot Laurels in 1989,^[62] a nomination for the Harvey Special Honour for Humor in 1990 and the Angoulême Thousand Prix in 1999.

With Jack Kirby, Will Eisner, Harvey Kurtzman, Gary Panter, and Chris Ware, Nibble was among the artists honored in the exhibition "Masters of American Comics" at the Jewish Museum in New York Urban center, from September 16, 2006, to Jan 28, 2007.^{[63] [64]}

In 2017, Crumb'south original encompass fine art for the 1969 Fritz the True cat collection published by Ballantine sold at auction for $717,000, the highest sale price to that point for any piece of American cartoon art.^[65]

In the media [edit]

In addition to numerous brief television reports, there are at least three television or theatrical documentaries dedicated to Crumb.

• Prior to the 1972 release of the film version of Fritz the Cat, Austrian journalist Georg Stefan Troller [de] interviewed Crumb for a xxx-minute documentary entitled Comics und Katerideen on Crumb's life and art – which he describes every bit "the epitome of contemporary white N America's pop art" – as an episode of his Personenbeschreibung (literally "Person'southward description") documentary-format broadcast on the German language Tv set network ZDF. The documentary also includes a "making-of" await at the [then?] forthcoming Fritz flick, featuring production background interviews with Ralph Bakshi. Past the mid-to-late 2000s, information technology could still exist seen on rotation as office of the Personenbeschreibung series on the ZDF-owned digital specialty channel ZDFdokukanal (in 2009 replaced by the new channel ZDFneo).
• Arena: The Confessions of Robert Crumb (BBC Two, 13 February 1987)^[66]
• Crumb (1994), a documentary picture show by Terry Zwigoff

Crumb and his piece of work is featured in Ron Mann's Comic Book Confidential (1988).

In the 2003 movie American Splendor, Crumb was portrayed past James Urbaniak. Crumb's wife Aline was quoted as saying she hated the interpretation and never would have married Robert if he was like that.^[67]

In 2006, Nibble brought legal activity against Amazon.com after their Spider web site used a version of his widely recognizable "Continue On Truckin'" character. The case was expected to exist settled out of court.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Underground rap artist Aesop Rock mentions Crumb several times in his lyrics, including in the songs "Crypt Kids" from the album None Shall Pass and "Nickel Plated Pockets" from his EP "Daylight".

R. Crumb's Sex Obsessions, a collection of his most personally revealing sexually-oriented drawings and comic strips, was released by Taschen Publishing in November 2007. In August 2011, following concerns about his safe, Crumb cancelled plans to visit the Graphic 2011 festival in Sydney, Australia, afterwards a tabloid labeled him a "self-confessed sexual practice pervert" in an article headlined "Cult genius or filthy weirdo?".^{[68] [69]}

In 2012, Nibble appeared in John'due south Onetime Time Radio Prove, talking about old music, sex activity, aliens and Bigfoot. He also played 78-rpm records from his tape room in southern France. He has appeared on the show and recorded at to the lowest degree xiv i-hour podcasts.^{[lxx] [71]}

Personal life [edit]

Crumb has been married twice. He outset married Dana Morgan in 1964,^[15] who gave nativity to their son Jesse in 1968.^[72] Crumb met cartoonist Aline Kominsky in 1972;^[73] their relationship soon turned serious and they began living together (on the same property shared past Dana Nibble).^[74] In 1978, Crumb divorced Dana and married Aline, with whom Crumb has frequently collaborated.^[21] (Dana died in 2014.)^[75] In September 1981 Aline gave nascence to Crumb'south second child, Sophie.^[27] Robert, Aline, and Sophie moved to a pocket-size hamlet well-nigh Sauve in southern France in 1991.^[76]

On New year'south Eve, December 31, 2017, Nibble's son Jesse was seriously injured in a car accident most Phillipsville, California, and died 3 days later; he was 49 years quondam.^[72] At age half-dozen, Jesse Nibble was featured as a grapheme in Robert and Aline'due south Muddy Laundry Comics #one (Cartoonists Co-Op Press, 1974); he besides appeared every bit an adult in Terry Zwigoff's 1994 documentary moving picture, Crumb.

Crumb was a member of the Church of the SubGenius.^[77]

Critical reception [edit]

Crumb has frequently been the target of criticism due to his recurring themes of graphic sexual and violent abuse of women.^[78] Crumb himself has ofttimes admitted his insecurity and hostility in relation to women:

I take these hostilities toward women. I acknowledge it. ... It's out there in the open. ... It's very stiff. It ruthlessly forces itself out of me onto the paper. ... I hope that somehow revealing that truth most myself is helpful, ... but I have to exercise it.^[79]

In addition to existence the target of speculation by disquisitional theorists and bookish researchers, Crumb has also been held to scrutiny, by feminist writer Deirdre English. English has been quoted as saying that Crumb engages in "self-indulgent fantasies" through his work, continually blurring the line between entertainment and pornography.^[eighty]

He has been the target of criticism by colleagues likewise, such equally Trina Robbins, who called Crumb a "sexist squealer"^[81] due to his sexual hostility towards women.^[82]

Crumb'southward work is also filled with unsavory images of African Americans (such as his recurring character Angelfood McSpade), who are often portrayed as indigent, tribal, and caricatured. (Many other hole-and-corner comix published in the belatedly 1960s and early 1970s feature similar depictions.) Crumb ofttimes utilized African American characters equally "tokens", appearing as re-used tropes such as clowns, tribesmen, athletes, etc. Researcher Edward Shannon interpreted the themes of Nibble'south story containing marginalized Africans in "When the Niggers Take Over America" (published in 1993 in Weirdo) similar this: "Nibble ... explores both the American Dream and its nightmare reflection; in this ... strip all-American white middle class children are depicted equally cannibals eager to devour the devalued and dehumanized other."^[83] Crumb has responded to criticism by challenge that he did not invent racist caricature, simply that they were part of the American culture in which he was raised.^{[84] [85]} He sees his fine art as a criticism of the racist stereotype itself and assumed that the audition who read his work in the late 1960s were not racists and would understand his intentions.^{[84] [86]}

Bibliography (choice) [edit]

Comics [edit]

• Zap Comix issues from 1 and 0 (1968) through at least 9 (1978) and several more (Noon Novelties, Print Mint, Last Gasp and other transient brand names, by and large under Crumb's control, 1968–2016) – #0 and #1 are all drawn by Crumb, the residuum accept stories by others likewise
• Snatch Comics issues 1–3 (Apex Novelties/Impress Mint, tardily 1968 – Aug. 1969) – #i by Crumb and South. Dirt Wilson, the rest take stories by others also
• R. Nibble's Fritz the Cat (Ballantine Books, New York, 1969) (no ISBN listed) – all Crumb; nigh one-half reprints
• R. Nibble's Comics and Stories: Apr 1964 (Rip Off Press, 1969) – all Crumb; unmarried 10-pp. story about Fritz the Cat and incest (originally produced in 1964)
• Despair (Print Mint, 1969) — all Crumb
• Motor City Comics #1–2 (Rip Off Press, April. 1969 – Feb. 1970) – all Nibble
• Big Ass Comics #1–two (Rip Off Press, June 1969 – Aug. 1971) – all Nibble
• Mr. Natural #1–iii (San Francisco Comic Book Company, Aug. 1970 – Kitchen Sink Enterprises, 1977) – all Crumb
• Uneeda Comix, "the Artistic Comic!" (Print Mint, Aug. 1970) – several brusque strips by Crumb. The longest, concluding and strongest continues onto the back cover in colour.
• Habitation Grown Funnies (Kitchen Sink Enterprises, Jan. 1971) – all Crumb
• Your Hytone Comix (Apex Novelties, 1971) – all Crumb
• XYZ Comics (Kitchen Sink Press, June 1972) – all Crumb
• The People'southward Comics (Gilded Gate Publishing Company, Sept. 1972) – all Nibble. This contains the strip in which there is Crumb Land (a black void), and also the strip in which Fritz the Cat is killed.
• Artistic Comics (Golden Gate Publishing Company, Mar. 1973) – all Crumb, with illustrations of (among others) Aline Kominsky
• Black and White Comics (Apex Novelties, June 1973) – all Crumb
• Dirty Laundry Comics #one–ii (Cartoonists Co-Op Press/Last Gasp, July 1974 – December. 1977) – R. Crumb and Aline Kominsky
• Best Buy Comics (Noon Novelties, 1979) – R. Nibble and Aline Kominsky
• Snoid Comics (Kitchen Sink Enterprises, 1980) – all Crumb
• Hup #one–4 (Final Gasp, 1987–1992) – all Nibble
• Id #ane–3 (Fantagraphics, 1990–1991) – all Crumb
• Self-Loathing Comics (Fantagraphics, Feb. 1995 – May 1997) – R. Nibble and Aline Kominsky-Crumb
• Mystic Funnies #one–3 (Alex Forest, Last Gasp, Fantagraphics, 1997–2002) – all Nibble
• Mineshaft #v–nowadays (Dec. 2000 –)

Collections and graphic novels [edit]

• R. Crumb'south Caput Comix (Viking Press, 1968) – anthology; re-issued by Fireside Books in 1988, with a new introduction by Crumb; ISBN 0-671-66153-one
• R. Crumb's The Yum Yum Book (Scrimshaw Press, 1975) – originally created in 1963; later republished as Large Yum Yum Volume: The Story of Oggie and the Beanstalk by Snow Lion Graphics/SLG Books, 1995
• R. Crumb Sketchbook series (Zweitausendeins, 1981–1997) – later republished in x volumes by Fantagraphics
• Bible of Filth (Futuropolis, 1986) – collection of Nibble's erotic comics from over the years
• The Complete Nibble Comics (Fantagraphics Books, 1987–2005) – 17 volumes
• Introducing Kafka (Totem Books, 1993) ISBN 1-84046-122-five – with writer David Zane Mairowitz
• R. Nibble'south America (SCB Distributors, 1995) ISBN 0-86719-430-viii
• Crumb Family unit Comics (Last Gasp, 1998) ISBN 978-0867194616 – collection of stories by each fellow member of the Crumb family, including Aline Kominsky-Crumb, Charles Nibble, Maxon Crumb, and Sophie Crumb
• Bob and Harv'south Comics (Running Press, 1996) ISBN 978-1568581019 – collaborations with Harvey Pekar
• The R. Crumb Java Tabular array Art Book (Niggling, Brown and Company, 1997) ISBN 0-316-16306-6 – edited and designed past Peter Poplaski
• Odds & Ends (Bloomsbury Publishing United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, 2001) ISBN 978-0-7475-5309-0
• The R. Nibble Handbook (2005). London: MQ Publications. ISBN 1-84072-716-0 – edited and designed by Peter Poplaski
• R. Nibble's Heroes of Dejection, Jazz & Country (Harry N. Abrams, 2006) ISBN 978-0-81093-086-v
• R. Crumb's Sex Obsessions (Taschen, 2007)
• Your Vigor for Life Appalls Me (Turnaround Publisher, 2008) ISBN 978-1-56097-310-2
• The Book of Genesis (W. Due west. Norton & Company, 2009) ISBN 978-0-393-06102-four OCLC 317919486
• The Volume of Mr. Natural (Fantagraphics, 2010) ISBN 978-i-60699-352-1
• The Complete Record Cover Collection (W. W. Norton & Visitor, 2011) ISBN 978-0-393-08278-4
• The Sweeter Side of R. Crumb (W. W. Norton, 2011) ISBN 978-0-393-33371-8
• Fatigued Together: The Nerveless Works of R. and A. Crumb (Boni & Liveright, 2012) ISBN 978-0-871-40429-nine – R. Crumb and Aline Crumb
• The Weirdo Years: 1981–'93 (Last Gasp, 2013) ISBN 978-0867197907

Meet too [edit]

• Charles Addams
• John M. Crowther
• Edward Gorey
• Gary Larson
• Lorin Morgan-Richards
• Shel Silverstein
• Marvin Townsend
• Gahan Wilson
• Crumb (moving picture)

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Lovece, Frank (June 2, 1995). "A new documentary focuses on Robert Crumb – 'Crumb' highlights the cartoonist's dysfunctional family". Amusement Weekly.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Duncan & Smith 2013, p. 158.
3. ^ Dalzell, Tom (January 13, 2020). "How Quirky was Berkeley: R. Crumb, the underground comix creative person, was here". Retrieved May eight, 2020.
4. ^ Crumb, Robert Crumb Family Comics. Last Gasp, 1998. ISBN 0-86719-427-viii, where he discusses his beginnings at length in a hand-written essay.
5. ^ Crumb, Maxon, ed. (1998). Crumb Family unit Comics. San Francisco, Calif.: Terminal Gasp. pp. 105, 129. ISBN0867194278.
6. ^ "The Odyssey of R. Nibble". Wall Street Journal. May 27, 2015. Retrieved May eight, 2020 – via www.wsj.com.
7. ^ [one] Carol obituary
8. ^ Duncan & Smith 2013, p. 158; Goldstein 2013, p. 517.
9. ^ Guthmann, Edward (October 3, 2006). "All the same in the shadows, an creative person in his own right". SFGate . Retrieved May 8, 2020.
10. ^ Maremaa 2004, p. 29.
11. ^ Maremaa 2004, pp. 29–xxx.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Goldstein 2013, p. 517.
13. ^ ^{a b} Duncan & Smith 2013, p. 159.
14. ^ ^{a b} Maremaa 2004, p. 30.
15. ^ ^{a b} Burgess 2000.
16. ^ Goldstein 2013, p. 518.
17. ^ Holm 2005, pp. 46–47.
18. ^ ^{a b} Holm 2005, p. 47.
19. ^ ^{a b} Holm 2005, pp. 47–48.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Harvey 1996, p. 195.
21. ^ ^{a b} Duncan & Smith 2013, p. 160.
22. ^ Dowd, Douglas B.; Hignite, Todd (2006). Strips, Toons, And Bluesies: Essays In Comics And Culture. New York: Princeton Architectural Printing, pp. 76–79. ISBN 978-1-56898-621-0.
23. ^ Sabin, Roger (1996). "Going underground". Comics, Comix & Graphic Novels: A History Of Comic Art. London, U.k.: Phaidon Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-7148-3008-9.
24. ^ "Nasty Tales Trial ii". funtopia.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Feb 9, 1973. Archived from the original on October eight, 2011. Retrieved January xiv, 2011.
25. ^ "International Times" journal, #147, Feb 9, 1973, pp. 17–20.
26. ^ ^{a b} Holm 2005, p. 83.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Holm 2005, p. 82.
28. ^ Holm 2005, pp. 83–85.
29. ^ Holm 2005, p. xx.
30. ^ Holm 2005, p. 97.
31. ^ Holm 2005, p. 85.
32. ^ Palmieri, Gioia. "Update". Mineshaft Magazine . Retrieved December 11, 2010.
33. ^ Gustines, George Gene (Oct 23, 2009). "Graphic Books Best-Seller List" (volume review). The New York Times . Retrieved October 27, 2009.
34. ^ "R. Nibble on Genesis (slide evidence)". Nytimes.com. Oct xviii, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
35. ^ Flower, H., "Yahweh Meets R. Crumb", The New York Review of Books, 56/19 (December iii, 2009).
36. ^ R. Crumb. "Crumb's 'Genesis,' A Sexy Breasts-And-Knuckles Affair". Npr.org . Retrieved January fourteen, 2011.
37. ^ Heer, Jeet. "Word Made Fresh: R. Crumb gives visual grade to the first volume of the Bible", Bookforum, September/October/Nov 2009. Retrieved 2009-xi-04 (admission requires registration).
38. ^ "Robert Crumb" and "Robert Crumb, Part 2" (transcript of National Picture Theatre appearance), The Guardian (UK), March 18, 2005. Genesis referenced in latter.
39. ^ "Graphic Masters: Dürer, Rembrandt, Hogarth, Goya, Picasso, R. Crumb". Retrieved August 7, 2020.
40. ^ "Legendary Cartoonist Robert Crumb on the Massacre in Paris," New York Observer (ten January 2015).
41. ^ Piepenbring, Dan (January 13, 2015). "A Kind of Sleaze". Retrieved May viii, 2020.
42. ^ McArdle, Terence. "Harvey Pekar dead: American Splendor comic writer was 70" Washington Postal service. July 13, 2010.
43. ^ Fiore, Robert. "Harvey Pekar, R.I.P.," Fantagraphics blog (July 13, 2010).
44. ^ Jones, Jonathan. "Self-Loathing Comics, Robert Crumb (1994)" The Guardian, 19 August 2000. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
45. ^ "Rubberstampmadness" magazine.
46. ^ Popova, Maria. "R. Crumb Illustrates Bukowksi" www.brainpickings.org. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
47. ^ Slatta, Richard Westward. (2001). The Mythical West: An Encyclopedia of Legend, Lore, and Popular Culture . ABC-CLIO. p. 236. ISBN9781576071519. 1987 Monkey Wrench Gang calendar.
48. ^ Sharpe, Susan. "Avner the Eccentric Brings Comics to Life," The Chronicle (Nov. 9, 1990), pp. 4, half dozen.
49. ^ Danny Bakery, "What a feast of Crumbs", The Observer, eight October 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2013
50. ^ Lynch, Megan. "The Cheap Adapt Serenaders," AllMusic.com. Accessed November. 17, 2019.
51. ^ "World Musette – Les Primitifs du Futur | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". Retrieved May 8, 2020 – via www.allmusic.com.
52. ^ "World music France : une anthologie des musiques traditionnelles Enregistrements realises entre 1900 et 2009 (10 cds)". Fremeaux.com. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
53. ^ "Aimer et Perdre : To Honey & To Lose Songs, 1917–1934". tompkinssquare.com . Retrieved May 8, 2020.
54. ^ "No Girls Allowed – Crumb and the Comix Counterculture", PopMatters
55. ^ Stone, Tucker. "The Comics Periodical". Retrieved May viii, 2020.
56. ^ The R. Nibble Java Table Fine art Book at p. 67
57. ^ ^{a b} Mr. Natural Goes to the Museum, September five, 2008, The New York Times
58. ^ The Art of Southward. Clay Wilson, Ten Speed Press, 2006, p. vii.
59. ^ Out from underground, August 31, 2008, Philadelphia Inquirer
60. ^ Uneeda Comix (The Print Mint, [August] 197).
61. ^ "Kitchen Sink Press Presents: Crumby Stuff", Sony Pictures Classics website (1995). Accessed June 9, 2018.
62. ^ Inkpot Honor
63. ^ "Exhibitions: Masters of American Comics". The Jewish Museum. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010. . .
64. ^ Kimmelman, Michael. "See You in the Funny Papers" (art review), The New York Times, October 13, 2006.
65. ^ Griepp, Milton, "New Record Toll for American Comic Art: Robert Crumb'due south Fritz the Cat," ICv2 (May 19, 2017).
66. ^ "Circulate - BBC Plan Index".
67. ^ Jewell, Stephen. "R Crumb, Peter Poplaski: The R.Crumb Handbook," NZ Herald (ii Jul, 2005).
68. ^ "Graphic artist Crumb cancels Australia visit". Retrieved May 8, 2020.
69. ^ Fulton, Adam (August 10, 2011). "A toxic turn and safety fears soured cartoonist on visit". The Sydney Morning time Herald . Retrieved Oct 18, 2011.
70. ^ "John's Sometime Time Radio Show | Welcome to John's Old Fourth dimension Radio Show!!! Mind To John Heneghan play and talk well-nigh 78 rpm records from his drove. Each episode features a different theme and fashion and some will feature special guests playing records from their collections. Sign upward on iTunes to automatically download the prove. There will be a new show posted the 1st of every calendar month. Check back and tell your friends!!!". www.eastriverstringband.com.
71. ^ "John's Old Time Radio Show by john heneghan on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts.
72. ^ ^{a b} Burns, Ryan. "Jesse Crumb, Eureka Resident and Son of Famed Cartoonist Robert Crumb, Dies After New Year's Eve Motorcar Crash in SoHum," Lost Coast Outpost (Jan. viii, 2018).
73. ^ Artsy Editors. "R. Crumb and Aline Kominsky-Crumb Air Their Dirty Laundry," Artsy.net (Jan 14, 2017).
74. ^ Bagge, Peter. "The Aline Kominsky-Crumb Interview," The Comics Periodical #139 (December 1990).
75. ^ Rifkin, Karen. "In loving memoriam: Dana Ballad Morgan Nibble Kaldveer," Ukiah Daily Periodical (September half-dozen, 2014).
76. ^ Farber, Celia (January 10, 2015). "Legendary Cartoonist Robert Crumb on the Massacre in Paris".The New York Observer.
77. ^ "The Church of the SubGenius Finally Plays It Directly". Texas Monthly. November 2, 2017.
78. ^ Shannon, Edward (2012). "Shameful, Impure Art: Robert Crumbs Autobiographical Comics and Confessional poets". Biographical Inquiry Center. 35 (four): 629 – via Projection Muse.
79. ^ Shannon, Edward (2010). "Something Black in the American Psyche: Formal Innovation and Freudian Imagery in the Comics of Winsor McCay and Robert Crumb". Canadian Review of American Studies. 40 (2): 210. doi:10.3138/cras.40.2.187. PMID 20827838.
80. ^ English quoted in Row, D.Thou. "R. Crumb: A Crummy Life," The Oregonian (February 15, 2008): "Deirdre English, who see[s], only, a peddler of misanthropy, a misogynistic, racist man-kid getting his ya-yas from his over-the-top images of sex, race and women."
81. ^ Precup, Michaela (2011). "Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comic". Biography. 34 (3, Summertime 2011): 546. doi:10.1353/bio.2011.0038. S2CID 162340312.
82. ^ Berger, A. (Producer), & Zwigoff, T. (Manager). (1994). Nibble [Motion Moving-picture show]. United States: Superior Pictures
83. ^ Shannon, Edward (2010). "Something Black in the American Psyche: Formal Innovation and Freudian Imagery in the Comics of Winsor McCay and Robert Crumb". Canadian Review of American Studies. 40 (two): 203. doi:x.3138/cras.40.2.187. PMID 20827838.
84. ^ ^{a b} Holm, 2004.
85. ^ Huxley 2001.
86. ^ Lopes, 2009.

Works cited [edit]

• Burgess, Steve (May two, 2000). "R. Crumb". Salon.
• Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J. (2013). "Crumb, Robert". Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman. ABC-CLIO. pp. 158–168. ISBN978-0-313-39923-7.
• Goldstein, Kalman (2013). "Robert Crumb (1943– )". In Cross, Mary (ed.). Ane Hundred People who Changed 20th-century America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 516–521. ISBN978-1-61069-085-0.

• Harvey, Robert C. (1996). The Art of the Comic Book: An Artful History . University Printing of Mississippi. ISBN978-0-87805-758-0.

• Holm, D. K. (2004). R. Crumb: Conversations. Conversations With Comic Artists series. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-ane-57806-637-7
• Holm, D. M. (2005). Robert Crumb. Pocket Essentials. ISBN978-1-904048-51-0.

• Huxley, David (2001). Nasty Tales: Sex, Drugs, Rock 'n' Roll and Violence in the British Underground. Vol. two, Central – Spinal Comix History Series. London: Disquisitional Vision, p. 135. ISBN 978-1-900486-13-2.
• Lopes, Paul (2009). Demanding Respect: The Evolution of the American Comic Book. Philadelphia, PA: Temple Academy Press, pp. 80–82. ISBN 978-1-59213-443-four.
• Maremaa, Thomas (2004). "Who is this Crumb?". In Holm, D. K. (ed.). R. Crumb: Conversations. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 16–33. ISBN978-1-57806-637-vii.

• McKenna, Kristine (April 23, 1995). "Creep Show: A new pic shines disturbing light on the very dark family secrets of cartoonist Robert Crumb. There'south a lot more there than just Mr. Natural". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 20, 2012.
• Simons, Johnny (April 2, 1990). "R. Crumb Comix". YouTube.

Further reading [edit]

• Bukowski, Charles, writer; Crumb, R., illustrator (1998). The Captain Is Out to Tiffin and the Sailors Have Taken Over the Ship ^{[ ISBN missing ]}
• Fabricant, M. Chris, author; Crumb, R., illustrator (2005). Busted! Drug War Survival Skills ^{[ ISBN missing ]}
• Monggaard, Christian, author; Crumb, R., illustrator (2020). I Can't Practise Pretty. A Portrait and Two Interviews. Barbar Bøger. ISBN 9788797165010.

Audio/Video [edit]

• Robert Nibble interview: A Coercion to Reveal (Video). Humlebæk, Denmark: Louisiana Aqueduct, Louisiana Museum of Mod Art. due north.d. Retrieved November xx, 2020.

External links [edit]

• Official website
• Robert Crumb at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
• Robert Crumb at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• "R. Crumb and Mineshaft!". Mindshaft. n.d. Archived from the original on January ii, 2020. Retrieved Nov 20, 2020.
• Gravett, Paul (March eleven, 2007). "Aline Kominsky Crumb: Me and Mr Crumb". The Independent on Lord's day Review. Great britain. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020 – via Paul Gravett official website.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crumb

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